rigorousness and its emphasis on test preparation. However, PISA spokesman Andreas Schleicher, Deputy Director for Education and head of the analysis division at the OECD's directorate for education believes that China has moved away from learning by rote.[24] According to Schleicher, Russia performs well in rote-based assessments, but not in PISA, whereas China does well in both rote-based and broader assessments.[25] Contents History Main article: History of education in China Since the end of the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), the education system in China has been geared towards economic modernization.[citation needed] In 1985, the federal government ceded responsibility for basic education to local governments through the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party's "Decision on the Reform of the Educational Structure." With the education reform plan in May 1985, the authorities called for nine years of compulsory education and the establishment of the State Education Commission (created the following month). Official commitment to improved education was nowhere more evident than in the substantial increase in funds for education in the Seventh Five-Year Plan (1986–90), which amounted to 72 percent more than funds allotted to education in the previous plan period (1981–85). In 1986, 16.8 percent of the state budget was earmarked for education, compared to 10.4 percent in 1984. Since 1949, education has been a source of controversy in China. As a result of continual intra-party realignments, official policy has alternated between ideological imperatives and practical efforts to further national education, though the two have often been incompatible.[how?][citation needed] The Great Leap Forward (1958–60) and the Socialist Education Movement (1962–65) sought to end deeply rooted academic elitism, to narrow social and cultural gaps between workers and peasants and between urban and rural populations, and to eliminate the tendency of scholars and intellectuals to disdain manual labor. During the Cultural Revolution, 강서구 수학과외 염창동 등촌동 영어과외
